I should say that the following research are all based on experiments on rats. There are three types of carcinogens that will be discussed in this blog story:
(1) Aflatoxin (AF): This is the most potent carcinogen found on the mold that infested on peanut and corn. Most of the research report in this blog are all based on AF.
(2) Hapatic B Virus (HBV): This virus can also cause liver cancer in mice and in human.
(3) DBMA (7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene) and NMU (N-nitrosomethyl urea), Those are additional 2 experimental carcinogens.
AF Study
[1] Good-quality Protein is a double-edged sword
Proteins are classified as 'good-quality protein' and 'bad-quality protein'. The so-called 'good quality protein' implies that when these proteins are digested, they turn out all the essential amino acids we need for repair and for synthesizing new enzyme. Animal-based proteins are the 'good-quality' protein because they foot the bills. However, in terms of metabolizing toxin, even they detoxify most of the toxin, they produce minute amount of very toxic metabolites that are detrimental: initiate and promote the cancer, etc. For example, AF is metabolized, or detoxified by the MFO (mixed function oxidase) enzyme in the liver. However, during the detoxification, some minute amount of very toxic metabolites are produced. This makes 'protein' , a double-edge sword: even we need protein for repairing, too much protein actually help initiate and promote cancer. (See Charts 1&2)
Chart 1: The Enzyme Factory. The MFO detoxify AF while at the same time produce minute amount of highly toxic metabolite. Animal Protein is a double-edge sword.
Chart 2: High-protein diet has enhanced enzyme activities in the body.
[2] High-Protein Diet helps on Cancer Initiation
Low-protein (5%, or 25-30 gm per day) diet help reduce cancer initiation via low DNA binding to AF toxin. (Charts 3-2, 3-3) References : #23, #33, #37, #36, In all studies, rates were ingested with AF, then subject to low-protein diet and high-protein diet. Following are the original publications on the studies.
#23. Preston RS , Hayes JR, and Campbell, TC "Effect of Protein deficiency on the in vivo binding of aflatoxin B1 to rat liver macromolecules", Life Sci., 19, (1976) 1191-1198
#33. Appleton BS and Campbell TC, "Inhibition of Aflatoxin-initiated preneoplastic liver lesion by low dietary protein" Nutr Cancer 3 (1982). 200-206.
37. Duncif GE and Campbell TC , "Dietary Protein Level & Aflatoxin B1-induced preneoplastic hepatic lesions in the rats". J Nutrition 117 (1987) 1298-1302
36. Young man LD and Campbell TC "Inhibition of Aflatoxin B1-induced gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase positive (GGT+) hepatic preneoplastic foci & tumors by low protein diets: evidence that altered GGT+ foci indicate neoplasticism potential" Carcinogenesis B (1992) 1607-1613
Chart 3-- Low dietary protein reduces cancer initiation.
[3] High-protein diet promotes cancer
These parts of the studies were done on rats of 12 week study instead of 100 weeks studies because of the cost. The researchers observe 'foci' or pre-cancer development in rats rather than full tumor which can only be observed after 100 weeks.
High protein (20% or 100-120 gm per day) diet promotes cancer. Typical American diet is 15-16% or 70-100 gm per day. The cut-off point is 10% protein (Chart 3-6).
Chart 4: High Protein Diet promotes foci (pre-cancer) development in rats.
Foci development observation is the primary methodology for research. Foci are tiny pre-cancer clusters. The methodology was taken from Reference #31
#31. Fabre E., and Cameron R., "The Sequential Analysis of Cancer Development", Adv Cancer Res (1980) 125-226
(To Be Continued on Part 2)
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