Here are the interesting results published by Stanhope, (Stanhope, AJCN, 2008, 87 regarding the studies on 7 healthy adult men who were provided each meal that had a portion of the beverage (~ 25% of kcal) of one of the following sweeteners: fructose, glucose, sucrose and HFCS. Throughout a 24 hour period, these men were monitored with triglycerides, insulin, glucose, leptin and ghrelin. The triglyceride results are shown in Fig.1.
Looking at the results shown above, if glucose (from refined flour products)is bad (because it causes insulin spike) HFCS is the worst sweetener comparing to fructose and sucrose.
Triglyceride formation is linked to uric acid formation. According to Khosla who published his results in Kidney Int, 2005, 1739, human infusion of uric acid led to impaired endothelial NO release which is the leading mechanism for hypertension and insulin resistance (** Roy, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 1998, 274, E692.**). The impacts of uric acid on the cardiovascular mortality rate is shown below. (** Fang, JAMA, 2000, 283, 2404)
For each category of race and gender, as the serum uric acid is greater than 416 (for men) or 333 (for women) micro-mole/L (the last bar), the mortality rate is substantially larger than the groups with lower serum uric acid levels.
The link of HFCS to cardiovascular mortality is due to the fact that fructose increases uric acid level as shown in the following graph (** Akhavan, AJCN, 2007, 86, 1354.**)
(to be continued).
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